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1 договор о торговле и мореплавании
Русско-английский юридический словарь > договор о торговле и мореплавании
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2 договор о торговле и мореплавании
Русско-английский юридический словарь > договор о торговле и мореплавании
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3 договор о торговле
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > договор о торговле
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4 договор о торговле и мореплавании
treaty of commerce and navigationРусско-английский справочник переводчика-международника > договор о торговле и мореплавании
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5 Foreign policy
The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007. -
6 договор
сущ.contract;covenant;( международный) treaty- договор аренды
- договор за печатью
- договор о взаимопомощи
- договор о дружбе
- договор о нейтралитете
- договор о ненападении
- договор о патентах
- договор о перевозке
- договор о поставках
- договор о товарообмене
- договор о цессии
- договор подряда
- договор поручительства
- договор продажи
- договор с адвокатом
- договор смешанного типа
- договор страхования
- договор-пари
- агентский договор
- бессрочный договор
- вступать в договор
- гарантийный договор
- двусторонний договор
- действительный договор
- денонсировать договор
- заключать договор
- закрытый договор
- зарегистрировать договор
- исполненный договор
- исполнять договор
- коллективный договор
- лицензионный договор
- международный договор
- мирный договор
- многосторонний договор
- нарушать договор
- недействительный договор
- неравноправный договор
- обязывающий договор
- основополагающий договор
- оспаривать договор
- открытый договор
- парафировать договор
- подписать договор
- подразумеваемый договор
- правообразующий договор
- простой договор
- противоправный договор
- равноправный договор
- ратифицировать договор
- соблюдать договор
- составлять договор
- союзный договор
- торговый договор
- трудовой договор
- универсальный договор
- устный договордоговор (личного) найма — contract of employment; individual employment (hiring) contract; labour (service) contract
договор, подлежащий исполнению — ( по суду) executory contract
договор в пользу третьего лица — contract for the benefit of a third party; third party beneficiary contract
договор купли-продажи — contract of purchase (of sale); ( с исключительными правами) exclusive sales (selling) agreement (contract); ( в рассрочку) hire-purchase agreement
договор о морской перевозке грузов — contract for carriage of goods by sea; contract of affreightment
договор о фрахтовании судна — ( чартер-партия) charter-party; ( на срок) time-charter
договор по решению суда — contract of record; judgement contract
договор, заключённый путём конклюдентных (молчаливых) действий — tacit agreement (contract)
быть связанным \договором — to be bound by a treaty; --
во исполнение \договора — in pursuance of a treaty
вступление \договора в силу — coming (entry) of a treaty into force
выполнение условий \договора — fulfilment of the terms of a treaty
выход из \договора — withdrawal from a treaty
выходить из \договора — to withdraw from a treaty
денонсация \договора — denunciation of a treaty
исполнение \договора — execution of a treaty; ( о договоре в натуре) specific performance; ( в судебном порядке) enforcement of a contract
лишать договор (законной) силы — to invalidate (vitiate) a treaty; render a treaty invalid
нарушение \договора — breach (violation) of a treaty
основные статьи \договора — substantive articles of a treaty
отказ от \договора — renunciation of a treaty
отказываться от \договора — to renounce (repudiate) a treaty
положения \договора — provisions of a treaty
предмет \договора — subject(-matter) of a treaty
предусмотренный \договором — provided for (stipulated) by (in) a treaty; --
прекращение (обязательств из) \договора — discharge of a contract; termination of a treaty
придерживаться \договора — to abide by (adhere to, observe) a treaty
прилагаться к \договору — to be appended to a treaty
присоединение к \договору — accession to a treaty
присоединяться к \договору — to accede to a treaty
продлевать действие \договора — to extend (prolong) the validity of a treaty
продление срока действия \договора — prolongation (of the validity) of a treaty
стороны в \договоре — parties to a treaty
толкование \договора — interpretation of a treaty
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7 Handelsverkehrslinien
Handelsverkehrslinien
trade routes;
• Handelsverlagerung (EU) trade diversion;
• Handelsvertrag commercial treaty (alliance, agreement), trade agreement (treaty, pact), trading contract;
• Handelsvertrag abschließen to enter into a treaty of commerce, to sign a trade agreement;
• Handelsvertrag mit dreimonatiger Frist kündigen to denounce a trade pact with three months notice;
• Handelsvertragspartner trade (trading) partner;
• Handelsvertragsverhandlungen negotiations for a commercial treaty;
• Handelsvertragsvollmacht commerce clause (US);
• Handelsvertreter commercial (US) (mercantile, Br., sales, business, trade) agent, commercial travel(l)er (canvasser, Br.), drummer (US), sales representative, factor;
• Handelsvertretervereinbarung, Handelsvertretervertrag agency agreement;
• Handelsvertretung [commercial (mercantile)] agency;
• unabhängige Handelsvertretung general agency business;
• Handelsvertretung für eine Firma haben to be agents for a company;
• Handelsverzeichnis trade index. -
8 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.See also Catherine of Braganza.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
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9 внутренняя торговля
1. domestic business2. domestic commerce3. domestic trade4. home commerce5. home trade6. inland tradeРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > внутренняя торговля
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10 торговля
1. distribution2. market3. marketing4. merchandising5. salesmanship6. trading7. trade; commerce; traffic; business8. commerce9. trafficторговля, снабжение наркотиками — opium traffic
Синонимический ряд:продажа (сущ.) продажа; торг -
11 свобода торговли
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > свобода торговли
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12 управление торговли
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > управление торговли
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13 торговый договор
1) General subject: commercial treaty2) Law: contract of trade, trade treaty3) Business: commercial contract, trade agreement4) leg.N.P. commercial contract (municipal law), commercial treaty (international law), treaty of commerce (international law) -
14 kauppasopimus
yks.nom. kauppasopimus; yks.gen. kauppasopimuksen; yks.part. kauppasopimusta; yks.ill. kauppasopimukseen; mon.gen. kauppasopimusten kauppasopimuksien; mon.part. kauppasopimuksia; mon.ill. kauppasopimuksiinbusiness agreement (noun)commercial treaty (noun)contract of sale (noun)sales contract (noun)trade agreement (noun)trade pact (noun)* * *finance, business, economy• bill of sale• commercial treaty• purchase contract• commercial agreement• trading agreement• business agreement• trade treaty• treaty of commerce• trade pact• trade agreement• sales contract• sales agreement• contract of sale -
15 торговый договор
commercial contract; межд право commercial (trade) treaty; treaty of commerce (of trade)* * * -
16 торговый договор
commercial contract; межд право commercial (trade) treaty; treaty of commerce (of trade)* * * -
17 договор о торговле
1) Diplomatic term: trade treaty2) Business: treaty on commerceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > договор о торговле
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18 Handelsabkommen
Handelsabkommen n GEN commercial agreement; trade agreement (EU)* * ** * *Handelsabkommen
commercial treaty (accord, convention, agreement), treaty of commerce, trade agreement (pact), economic trading agreement;
• allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT);
• gegenseitiges Handelsabkommen countertrade deals;
• neue globale Handelsabkommen new global trade agreements;
• zweiseitiges Handelsabkommen bilateral trade agreement;
• Handelsabkommen mit Meistbegünstigungsklausel reciprocal trade agreement. -
19 kauppasopimus (valtioiden välinen)
• trade agreement• commercial treaty• treaty of commerceSuomi-Englanti sanakirja > kauppasopimus (valtioiden välinen)
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20 торговый договор
commercial (trade) contract (treaty); treaty of commerce
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